ASP.NET Web PDF Document Viewer/Editor Control Library

the bot will use as responses, or templates used to create full phrases. The array assigned to :default contains some phrases to use at random when the bot cannot figure out what to say based on the input. Those associated with :greeting and :farewell contain generic greeting and farewell phrases. More interesting are the arrays associated with 'hello' and 'i like *'. These phrases are used when the input matches the hash key for each array. For example, if a user says hello computer, then a match with 'hello' is made, and a response is chosen from the array at random. If a user says i like computers, then 'i like *' is matched and the asterisk is used to substitute the remainder of the user s input (after i like ) into the bot s output phrase. This could result in output such as Wow! I like computers too, if the second phrase were to be used.

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On Unix-related operating systems (Linux, OS X, BSD, and so on) you can engineer your program to run more simply by using a shebang line.

With the pipeline in mind, you assume that you can produce a PowerPoint presentation in whatever way you like, as shown on the left in Figure 2-4. After you send this PowerPoint presentation through the pipeline, you assume that its receivers will get it on the other side, as shown on the right. Your work is then done. The only criterion for success is that you delivered the PowerPoint presentation through the pipeline. If for some reason the audience didn t get what you delivered, of course, it s not your fault as a presenter after all, you delivered the PowerPoint presentation, and what they did with it is their problem, not yours. The pipeline assumption is at work when people make statements like, We showed them the facts, but they just didn t get it, or, The presentation went right over their heads. When a verdict in a legal trial goes against one party, it is common for people to say the jury just didn t get the evidence, or when a sales presentation does not succeed, the presenter might say the audience just didn t get the bene ts of the product or service. It is hard to separate the pipeline metaphor from our thinking because it is woven into the words and expressions we use commonly every day.

Windows. You can use shebang lines such as #!ruby and #!c:\ruby\bin\ruby.exe to make Ruby CGI scripts work under Apache on Windows.

For example, say your script were to look like this:

Note In everyday speech, we denote classes of objects with plural nouns such as birds or larches.

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#!/usr/bin/ruby puts "Your program works!"

Unix-related operating systems support putting the name of the interpreter of a file on the first line of the file with a shebang line, where the shebang is simply the pound (#) sign and the exclamation mark (!).

FIGURE 2-4 With the pipeline in mind, you assume that your audience will get whatever you deliver to

Note The shebang line only needs to be in the file that s initially run. It doesn t need to be in library or

his chapter introduces a new concept: data structures. A data structure is a collection of data elements (such as numbers or characters or even other data structures) that is structured in some way, for example, by numbering the elements. The most basic data structure in Python is the sequence. Each element of a sequence is assigned a number its position, or index. The first index is zero, the second index is one, and so forth.

In this case, /usr/bin/ruby, the Ruby interpreter, is used to interpret the rest of the file. One problem you might run into, though, is that your Ruby interpreter might be located in /usr/bin/local/ruby or have a different name entirely. However, there s a reasonably portable way to work around this problem. Many Unix-related operating systems (including most Linuxes and OS X) have a tool called env that stores the location of certain applications and settings. You can use this to load up Ruby without knowing its exact location. For example:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby puts "Your program works!"

Although the pipeline metaphor is convenient, in practice it does not deliver what you might assume it does. According to leading educational psychologist Richard E. Mayer, if you give a multimedia presentation to an audience, there are three possible outcomes, as shown in Figure 2-5. The rst possible outcome is that your audience experienced no learning (upper right). This is the worst-case scenario in spite of your work in preparing your presentation and your audience s time and effort in showing up and paying attention, no learning happened to make the experience worthwhile.